This mid-term evaluation of the Renewable Energy Directive1 (RED) aims to assess the effectiveness and efficiency so far of measures and actions laid down in the Directive. The RED came into force at the end of 2009, and set binding national renewable energy targets and a mandatory target for renewable energy use in transport for 2020, among a range of other provisions. The study also assesses the impact of the RED requirements for administrations and businesses (the administrative burden) at Member State (MS) level, in line with the requirements of the regulatory fitness programme (REFIT) of the European Commission.